Monocytes from Uninfected Neonates Born to Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Mothers Display Upregulated Capacity to Produce TNF-α and to Control Infection in Association with Maternally Transferred Antibodies.

Activated monocytes/macrophages that produce inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide are crucial for controlling Trypanosoma cruzi infection. We previously showed that uninfected newborns from T. cruzi infected mothers (M+B- newborns) were sensitized to produce higher levels of inflammatory cytokines than newborns from uninfected mothers (M-B- newborns), suggesting that their monocytes were more activated. Thus, we wondered whether these cells might help limit congenital infection. We investigated this possibility by studying the activation status of M+B- cord blood monocytes and their ability to control T. cruzi in vitro infection. We showed that M+B- monocytes have an upregulated capacity to produce the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and a better ability to control T. cruzi infection than M-B- monocytes. Our study also showed that T. cruzi-specific Abs transferred from the mother play a dual role by favoring trypomastigote entry into M+B- monocytes and inhibiting intracellular amastigote multiplication. These results support the possibility that some M+B- fetuses may eliminate the parasite transmitted in utero from their mothers, thus being uninfected at birth.

Maternal infection with Trypanosoma cruzi and congenital Chagas disease induce a trend to a type 1 polarization of infant immune responses to vaccines.

BACKGROUND: We previously showed that newborns congenitally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (M+B+) display a strong type 1 parasite-specific T cell immune response, whereas uninfected newborns from T. cruzi-infected mothers (M+B-) are prone to produce higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines than control neonates (M-B-). The purpose of the present study was to determine if such fetal/neonatal immunological environments could alter the response to standard vaccines administered in early life. METHODOLOGY: Infants (6-7 months old) living in Bolivia, an area highly endemic for T. cruzi infection, and having received Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), hepatitis B virus (HBV), diphtheria and tetanus vaccines, were enrolled into the M+B+, M+B-, M-B- groups mentioned above. The production of IFN-gamma and IL-13, as markers of Th1 and Th2 responses respectively, by peripherical blood mononuclear cells stimulated with tuberculin purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PPD) or the vaccinal antigens HBs, diphtheria toxoid (DT) or tetanus toxoid (TT), as well as circulating levels of IgG antibodies against HBsAg, DT and TT were analyzed in infants. Cellular responses to the superantigen SEB were also monitored in M+B+, M+B-, M-B-infants and newborns. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: M+B+ infants developed a stronger IFN-gamma response to hepatitis B, diphtheria and tetanus vaccines than did M+B- and M-B- groups. They also displayed an enhanced antibody production to HBsAg. This was associated with a type 1-biased immune environment at birth, since cells of M+B+ newborns produced higher IFN-gamma levels in response to SEB. M+B- infants produced more IFN-gamma in response to PPD than the other groups. IL-13 production remained low and similar in all the three groups, whatever the subject's ages or vaccine status. CONCLUSION: These results show that: i) both maternal infection with T. cruzi and congenital Chagas disease do not interfere with responses to BCG, hepatitis B, diphtheria and tetanus vaccines in the neonatal period, and ii) the overcoming of immunological immaturity by T. cruzi infection in early life is not limited to the development of parasite-specific immune responses, but also tends to favour type 1 immune responses to vaccinal antigens.

Human congenital infection with Trypanosoma cruzi induces phenotypic and functional modifications of cord blood NK cells.

We studied the phenotype and activity of cord blood natural killer (NK) cells in newborns congenitally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. We found that the proportion of CD56(bright) NK cells was significantly decreased in cord blood from these newborns, suggesting they may have been recruited to secondary lymphoid organs. The remaining CD56(bright) NK cells exhibited a defective ability in the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma following in vitro activation with interleukin (IL)-12 + IL-2 or IL-12 + IL-15 cytokines, as compared with NK cells from uninfected newborns. In addition, cord blood NK cells from congenitally infected newborns stimulated with cytokines have a decreased release of granzyme B (GrB) when incubated with K562 target cells. This defect in cytotoxic effector function is associated with a reduced surface expression of activating NK receptors (NKp30, NKp46, and NKG2D) on CD56(dim) NK cells compared with uninfected newborns. These alterations of fetal NK cells from congenitally infected newborns may reflect a down-regulation of the NK cell response after an initial peak of activation and could also be the result of T. cruzi modulating the immune response.

[Serum levels for IgM and IgA antibodies to anti-trypanosoma cruzi in samples of blood from newborns from mothers with positive serology for Chagas disease]. / Dosificación de anticuerpos IgM e IgA anti-trypanosoma cruzi en sangre de recién nacidos de madres con serología positiva para Chagas.

This study compares the levels of specific antibodies IgM and IgA for Chagas in samples of blood from newborns. Three groups of cord blood samples have been analysed: a group of 42 samples from newborns, displaying positive parasitemia, of seropositive mothers (M+B+), 68 samples from newborns with negative parasitemia whose mothers were seropositive (M+B-) and a group of 45 control newborns coming from mothers with negative serology for Chagas. From the 42 M+B+ samples with congenital Chagas disease, 81 and 82.9% displayed detectable levels of IgM and IgA antibodies, respectively In the M+B- group, 70.6 and 33.8% presented antibodies of IgM and IgA classes, respectively, whereas in the control group M-B-, we detected 6% and 11.1% of IgM and IgA antibodies, respectively. The calculated sensitivity of detection of congenital cases using IgM or IgA antibodies was of 82.9% and 80.9% respectively, whereas the specificity of detection was of 29.4% for IgM antibodies and of 66.1% for IgA antibodies.

Purificación y caracterización electroforética de la proteína de unión a GH (GHBP) en suero humano y de pacientes con cáncer y en embarazo: evidencia de la exitencia de una proteína de unión a prolactina (PRLBP) / Purification and electrophoretic characterization of growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) in human, cancer and pregnancy sera: evidence of the presense of prolactin binding protein (PRLBP)

Una de las formas de regulación de la actividad de ciertas citocinas es la generación de formas solubles del receptor, las cuales actúan principalmente como proteínas de unión, aunque también se les han atribuido funciones de carácter agonista. El objetivo de este trabajo fue el de establecer la presencia de proteínas de unión a hormona de crecimiento (GHBP) y prolactina (PRLBP) en suero humano. La GHBP se purificó parcialmente mediante un nuevo método empleando hormona humana de crecimiento (GH, growth hormone) humana inmovilizada sobre Sepharosa y su separación y detección se realizó por medio de electroforesis e inmunotransferencia (Western blot), utilizando un anticuerpo dirigido contra el receptor de GH. Los resultados mostraron que la GHBP de suero humano es una mezcla compleja de proteínas con pesos en el rango de 27 a 62 kDa, relacionadas estructuralmente con el receptor de GH y cuyo origen está por determinarse. El suero proveniente de pacientes con cáncer de seno en estados 3 y 4, así como el de embarazo, mostró el mismo perfil de proteínas aunque sus niveles fueron en todos los casos inferiores a la normalidad, siendo los más bajos los de embarazo. En cuanto a la PRLBP, mediante anticuerpos antirreceptor, se identificó una proteína sérica de 150 kDa disociable en dos subunidades de pesos 50 y 30 kDa, consiste con lo informado por otros autores. De acuerdo con el peso establecido y a su incapacidad para unir hGh, se concluyó que no es una forma soluble del receptor y se sugiere que puede ser un anticuerpo antiidiotípico presente en el suero humano. No se encontraron diferencias en el perfil ni el contenido de las PRLBP en los tres tipos de suero analizados. Los resultados obtenidos ponen en evidencia la exitencia de una proteína de unión a prolactina relacionada con el receptor de PRL y cuyo origen en humanos está por establecerse

Producción de la proteína recombinante JAK2 de ratón / Production of mouse recombinant JAK2 protein

El presente trabajo describe la producción de la proteína recombinante JAK2, empleando un sistema de vectores de expresión baculovirales. La infección de células Sf9, derivadas del tejido de ovario de Spodoptera frugiperda, permitió establecer las condiciones óptimas de dilución del virus en 10 µl/ml de medio y de tiempo de recolección en 72 horas post-infección. Se recolectaron y ultrafiltraron extractos correspondientes a la infección de 5 x 10 a la 7 células, aproximadamente, y se sometieron a cromatografía de intercambio iónico (DEAE-Sephacel), lográndose purificar parcialmente la proteína JAK2 por medio de un gradiente continuo de fuerza iónica (NaCl 10-500 mM). La presencia de JAK2 se verificó por Western blot, empleando un anticuerpo policlonal producido en conejo contra los residuos 758-776 de JAK2 de ratón. Los resultados indicaron que la proteína obtenida por este sistema de expresión se sintetiza en forma fosforilada/activada